Capital Adequacy and Risk Management in Banks - 1498 Words

CAPITAL ADEQUACY FRAMEWORK AND RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKS GUEST LECTURE: MR. R M PATTANAIK EX GM- INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR) Also known as Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR) is the ratio of a bank’s capital to its risk. National regulators track a banks CAR to ensure that it can absorb a reasonable amount of loss and complies with statutory capital requirements. It is a measure of a banks capital. It is expressed as a percentage of a banks risk weighted credit exposures. This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote the stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world. Two types of capital are measured: tier one capital, which can absorb losses without a bank being†¦show more content†¦* Basel 3: Basel III is part of the continuous effort made by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to enhance the banking regulatory framework. It builds on the Basel I and Basel II documents, and seeks to improve the banking sectors ability to deal with financial and economic stress, improve risk management and strengthen the banks transparency. BASEL-I vs. BASEL-II THE 3 PILLARS OF BASEL II Basel – II norms are based on 3 pillars: * MINIMUM CAPITAL – Banks must hold capital against 8% of their assets, after adjusting their assets for risk. Capital for credit risk, market risk and operational risk. * SUPERVISORY REVIEW – It is the process whereby national regulators ensure their home country banks are following the rules. This pillar works on 4 principles: 1. Measurement of own risk and capital adequacy of banks (ICAAP) 2. Supervisory review of internal banking procedures (SREP) 3. Capital above the regulatory minimum 4. Supervisory action: intervention at an early stage to prevent slippage. * MARKET DISCIPLINE – It is based on enhanced disclosure of risk. This pillar compliments Pillar 1 and Pillar 2. 5. Encourages disclosure requirements to enable market participants to assess the capital adequacy of the bank. 6. Disclosure of qualitative and quantitative aspects pertaining to: scope ofShow MoreRelatedCapital Requirements And Risk Management 1424 Words   |  6 PagesOn September 12th, the 27 central banks in Switzerland finally unanimously adopted new banking regulatory agreement - the Basel III, this agreement greatly enhance the regulatory industry to a minimum proportion of bank core capital requirements, this is a agreement after the financial crisis, the largest global regulatory reform achievements made by the banking sector. Compared to more emphasis on banks own internal control and management, regulatory review process and market discipline, theRead MoreEssay about Role of Apra1166 Words   |  5 Pagessupervision and depositor protection moves from the Reserve Bank to APRA. Its intention is to provide for a ‘more consistent, competitively neutral and efficient approach to the regulation of financial institutions, while enhancing overall depositor protection and financial system stability’1. This paper will thus find out about ARPA’s responsibilities related to banking in traditional sense of the term. First of all, a quick glance at ‘what is a bank’ should be made and it can come to surprise to findRead MoreIntroduction: The financial sector has been hit badly by the financial crisis in 2008. The1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The financial sector has been hit badly by the financial crisis in 2008. The increased competition between banks induced executives to take excessive risk to maximize bank’s profit, as their performance compared to other competitors is measured by the revenues they achieve to financial institutions and its stock value (Kashyap, Rajan et al. 2008). Banks went into trouble especially after the expansion of mortgage finance and facilitating loans to homebuyers with the lowest possibleRead MoreBasel 2 is the second Basel after Basel Accords known as Basel 1. By using Basel 2 in Australia,1100 Words   |  5 Pagesregulatory capital with the single risk profiles of financial institutions, a bank with greater exposure to the risk of peers who will hold more capital, while the less exposed to the risk that will hold less capital. Picture 1.1 Picture 1.1 shows that Basel 1 (Accord) has a risk-weighted at one hundred percent with $100 loan to the corporate entity and a total capital charge of $8. Beside that, through a standardized approach of Basel II, the corporate entity is rating AA, generate credit risk capitalRead MoreThe Importance Of A Credit Risk Management973 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of controlling credit risk management by the banking industries from all over the world. Proper consideration of these factors in for the proper credit risk management process is very essential. Thus the study of these factors is always helpful for the banks. 2.2.1.1 Importance of proper policy for risk management in banks While looking at the events of financial crisis of the various countries it can be said that misunderstanding of the development of the risk factors from their roots andRead MoreFinancial Performance Of The Non Performing Loans Ratio1356 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction To determine whether the SDB stocks are correctly priced, the financial performance of the SDB is assessed through its asset quality, earnings capability and capital adequacy. The suitability of the stake at 1.6 times the book value is also considered. All graphs and exhibits mentioned in the report are in the appendix. It should be noted that the analysis of this investments are purely done on information provided in the case study so limitations apply. Asset Quality The non-performingRead MoreThe Implementation Of Basel IIi894 Words   |  4 Pages1 On 20 May this year the Amendment to the Banks Act regulations (Regulations) in terms of section 90 of the Banks Act, 1990 (Banks Act) were published in the government gazette and will come into effect on 1 July 2016. A number of cosmetic changes have been made to the Regulations but a few material changes will be highlighted in this alert. 2 Subsequent to the implementation of Basel III in South Africa on 1 January 2013, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) issued revised requirementsRead MoreHedge Funds : Hedge Fund1628 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. With a rapid rate of growth, the hedge fund industry also attracts attention of academics. They have analysed the performance of hedge funds from different perspectives and implied the necessity of further researches on hedge funds’ capital adequacy. In 2000, Fung and Hsieh used a mean-variance approach to study hedge fund exposures in some major market events. They analysed hedge fund performance during turbulent market times. But due to limitations of their research methodology, they foundRead MoreBanking System Stability Is Largely Built On A Number Of Internal And External Characteristics1270 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables include Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management quality, Earning, Liquidity, to analyze the probability of bank failures. Their study documented that smaller banks and well-capitalized banks can obtain a higher degree of capacity to maintain stability individually, and comparing to universal banks, they contribute more to the stability of a nation s banking system. Those variables reflect the internal environment for operations of an individual bank and may be varied while banks choose toRead MoreNarasimham Committee on Banking Sector Reforms1298 Words   |  6 Pagesfocussed on issues like size of ba nks and capital Adequacy ratio among other things The 1998 report of the Committee to the GOI made the following major recommendations: Autonomy in Banking Greater autonomy was proposed for the public sector banks in order for them to function with equivalent professionalism as their international counterparts.[11] For this the panel recommended that recruitment procedures, training and remuneration policies of public sector banks be brought in line with the best-market-practices

My Personal Statement On Yoga Habit - 943 Words

This semester, I aimed to drink 8 cups of water a day and practice yoga twice a week. Did I fail? No. Did I succeed? No. I chose easy habits to stick to, and I found that I still had a hard time sticking to them! The yoga habit was easier to stick with than the water challenge. I found it significantly easier to find the time to do yoga than I found it to drink water, especially on the days when I was busy. For the success of my yoga habit, I would give myself a 5 out of 5. I met my goal, and practiced yoga at least twice a week during every week of this assignment. For my water-drinking goal, I would give myself a 3 out of 5, because I could never maintain a streak of drinking 8 or more cups of water for more than 3 days. Overall, I would rate myself as a 3.5 out of 5 for the success of my healthy habits, because my main goal was to drink more water. As you can see on Graph 1, there is a pattern linked to my water-drinking: on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, I was typically able to drink my 8 cups of water. But on the weekends and Mondays, it was significantly more difficult. I think it is because on Tuesdays and Thursdays I have a 3-hour break in between my classes that I use to study. I can just fill up my water bottle and go. I often end up refilling my water bottle during that 3-hour study period. On Fridays, I just bring water with me to my practicum school and I end up drinking the right amount of water. But I work on the weekends and, as I discussed in myShow MoreRelatedYoga and the Mind824 Words   |  3 Pagesanything.† That is a popular saying amongst Yogis (yoga instructors) very few people recognize the truth and meaning behind this statement. There is a clear connection between the health benefits associated with yoga having to do with the body, power strength, balance, flexibility. 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Exercise with cards February 2nd   http://shop.niace.org.uk/media/catalog/product/a/7/a729_it_doesnt_get_any_better_english.pdf http://www.lifelonglearning.co.uk/mosergroup/rep03.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreExercise Can Prevent Obesity Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesprogressively lower the BMI. Everyone needs to eat, and switching a diet around to less appetizing foods is a feat in itself, however the word exercise holds an intimidating challenge over most individual’s heads. The frivolous and over indulgent eating habits tied with the lack of any sort of exercise or activity, exhibited by most obese people, makes it even more difficult to entertain the idea of exe rcising again. Unfortunately for them, exercise can not be disregarded. 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Viscosity Free Essays

Viscosity of Liquids Part I: Low Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives †¢ To measure and analyze the viscosities of ideal (Toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal (Methanol/Water) binary solutions and their components. †¢ To determine the Activation Energy to viscous flow. †¢ The effect of temperature change on the viscosity will be studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Viscosity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Method: The viscosities of liquids are determined by measuring the flow time for various liquids in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity †¢ The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is important in applications ranging from oil flow in engines to blood flow through arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity †¢ How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity. †¢ How fast an object (steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force. 4 Molecular properties contributing to viscosity Viscosity arises from the directed motion of molecules past each other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affected by many factors such as: †¢ Molecular size. Molecular shape. †¢ Intermolecular interactions (attractive force between the molecules). †¢ Structure of the liquid itself. †¢ Temperature(Viscosity decreases w ith increasing temperature the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC symbol of viscosity is the greek symbol eta â€Å"? †. ? Viscosity â€Å"? † of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over each other. The force (f) required is directly proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the poise named after Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in terms of centipoise â€Å"cP†. The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of vis cosity is Pascal-second (Pa ·s) = N ·s m–2 or Kg m-1 s-1. †¢ In cgs unit 1 Poise â€Å"P† = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise â€Å"P†= 1 centipoise â€Å"cP† 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kg ·m? 1 ·s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s †¢ The conversion between the units: 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method †¢ Time for fixed volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark – Depends on density. – Depends on viscosity. Reference liquid is used. †¢ This type can be used for liquids of viscosity up to 100 poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculat ion of the viscosity: Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of known viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9 Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow times of two liquids of known density. If the viscosity of one liquid is known, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities’ liquid. After the reservoir is filled with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the upper mark. The time required for the liquid to fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is recorded. Then the time required for the same volume of a liquid of known viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with Equation ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where â€Å"r† refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of known liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 Fluidity Equ. 6 †¢ The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? †¢ The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ide al solution. †¢ One particular advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of mixed binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by: where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, †¢ Fluidity equation is only slightly simpler than the equivalent equation in terms of viscosity  µ = ? : Equ. 8 †¢ where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. †¢ The viscosity of the mixture is not linear 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture: ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ? B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the mixed state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the destruction of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations would not be valid: and ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity †¢ Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. †¢ This relation was first expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( †¢ Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activation energy of viscosity. †¢ The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 †¢ A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental †¢ To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube ( 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. †¢ Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. †¢ Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. †¢ The driving force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer †¢ Ostwald viscometer is calibrated using 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions †¢ The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula Methanol 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water †¢ Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscosity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentage s by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure: Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 ° C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath. Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer just as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and dry the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to evaporate all the acetone. 3. Determine the flow times of each of your methanol/water 16 solutions at 25 ° C. Procedure: cont’d . Complete the series by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in step 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in ro ughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to  ± 0.  °C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 ° C. 17 Table Data 1: The flow times of each of ( methanol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at different temperature: Table Data 2: The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature. Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) ( °C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1: Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? Density, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0C Viscosity Table of Results 1: Cont’d %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2: The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25 °C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2: Cont’d %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosit y ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 : T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. Determine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Data Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the value of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the â€Å"ideality† of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependence of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the error in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get the error in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25 How to cite Viscosity, Essay examples